Aims: Participation in Australia's National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP), a cost-effective program for reducing colorectal cancer (CRC) burden, remains low (~42%). Although interventions such as mass-media campaigns have been shown to increase participation and be cost-effective, evidence to guide investment in other participation-enhancing strategies is limited. This study estimated the health and economic impacts of interventions to increase NBCSP participation in Australia.
Methods: A targeted literature review identified studies published in 2015-2025 evaluating interventions to increase participation in faecal occult blood test (FOBT)-based CRC screening programs and reporting intervention costs. Published costs were used to estimate indicative Australian national scale-up costs where sufficient information was available. The Policy1-Bowel microsimulation model simulated NBCSP-eligible Australians aged 50-74 years in 2027 and estimated maximum cost-effective investment thresholds (MCEIT) for participation increases, based on a willingness-to-pay threshold of AUD$50,000 per life-year saved.
Results: Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. Intervention effectiveness varied considerably across individual-, health service-, and population-level settings. Four studies (relative risks [RR]=1.01-1.30) provided sufficient data to estimate indicative Australian national scale-up costs. One intervention, general practitioner endorsement (RR=1.01), was estimated to result in 13,165 additional kits returned in 2027. Its indicative scale-up cost ($6.7 million) remained below the estimated MCEIT ($8.0 million), indicating this is likely to be a cost-effective intervention. A higher-impact telephone reminder intervention (RR=1.30) corresponded to an estimated 394,947 additional kits returned in 2027. Its estimated scale-up cost ($24.5 million) was well below the corresponding MCEIT ($185.9 million).
Conclusions: Additional investment in evidence-based interventions to increase NBCSP participation could be made while remaining cost-effective. By combining international evidence with modelling, this study provides benchmarks to support prioritisation of interventions that maximise CRC screening participation in Australia.