Background: Guidelines for surveillance imaging after curative-intent treatment for pancreaticobiliary and gastroesophageal cancer are highly heterogeneous1. Routine imaging remains widespread despite the absence of level 1 evidence that early detection of asymptomatic recurrence improves survival or quality of life2,3. We explored patient and clinician perspectives on routine surveillance imaging and how these inform shared decision-making.
Methods: We conducted an exploratory sequential mixed methods study. In this qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were undertaken with surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, and patients with early-stage pancreaticobiliary or gastroesophageal cancer, at two Canadian cancer centres. Sample size was guided by information power and data saturation. Data were coded using separate consensus-developed codebooks and analysed using interpretive description and reflexive thematic analysis.
Results: 13 clinicians (23% female, 46% medical oncologists, median 17 years since medical school graduation) and 7 patients (57% female, median age 64, 86% pancreaticobiliary) were interviewed. Clinician data cohered around seven themes: uncertainty about surveillance benefit and prognostication; risk tolerance; factors influencing practice; perceived benefits and drawbacks across clinical, psychological, and system levels; real-world practice patterns (77% default to routine imaging, 23% symptom-directed); and unmet survivorship needs. Patient data cohered around three domains: patient factors (beliefs about surveillance, shared decision-making, fear of recurrence, and reassurance); survivorship care delivery and transitions; and trust in the healthcare team. Surveillance preferences were shaped by risk tolerance and psychosocial factors, mirroring clinician-identified drivers. Reassurance from negative scans was valuable but time-limited, feeding the scanxiety cycle. Both groups emphasized discussing realistic expectations and surveillance goals in shared decision-making.
Conclusions: Clinicians navigate surveillance imaging for pancreaticobiliary and gastroesophageal cancer under genuine evidentiary uncertainty, which interacts with risk tolerance and psychosocial factors to drive practice heterogeneity. Patient perspectives converge with clinician-identified drivers of practice. These findings support the need for pragmatic survivorship evidence and development of patient-informed surveillance guidelines.