Aims: To examine implementation of a multicomponent colorectal cancer screening intervention in Australian general practice, including changes in practice systems and perceived implementability.
Methods: A process evaluation was conducted alongside the MAIL, GP & SCALE cluster-randomised hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation trial across four Primary Health Network sites. The intervention included a decision-support tool, electronic point-of-care prompts, National Cancer Screening Register (NCSR) integration, education, and implementation support from Clinical Trial Coordinators. Practice-level surveys assessed organisational readiness, screening systems and perceived enablers. Implementation surveys assessed perceived ease of implementation across intervention components.
Results: Eighty-three practices participated in the trial, including 41 intervention and 42 usual care practices. Practice-level survey data were available from 81 practices. Across all participating practices, the likelihood of taking an active focus on bowel cancer screening (OR 11.18, 95% CI 4.33-28.91, p<0.0001) and having a workflow to manage and monitor bowel cancer screening (OR 5.13, 95% CI 2.34-11.24, p<0.0001) increased from baseline to follow-up. Among intervention practices, 40/41 completed the implementation survey. Perceived ease of implementation differed across intervention components. Electronic reminder prompts were rated slightly easier to implement after the trial (83.3% vs 85.0%), whereas the decision-support tool (82.4% vs 67.5%), NCSR integration (83.3% vs 77.5%) and education (82.9% vs 65.0%) were rated as less easy to implement following delivery. These findings are based on staff perceptions; objective measures of intervention uptake and adoption are forthcoming.
Conclusions: Practices reported stronger organisational focus on bowel cancer screening and more established screening workflows at follow-up than at baseline. Within intervention practices, perceptions of implementability varied across components, with electronic reminder prompts appearing most readily integrated into routine practice. These findings suggest that strengthening screening systems and workflows is achievable in general practice, although some intervention components may require additional support to facilitate implementation and long-term sustainability.