Background: Early-onset colorectal cancer (diagnosed before age 50 years) is often late-stage, leading to poor survival and quality of life. Understanding pathways to diagnosis is critical to improving outcomes. This study compared diagnostic routes and intervals from first symptom to treatment for early-onset vs older-onset colorectal cancer cases.
Methods: Cross-sectional questionnaire study of patients aged ≥18 years within 2–9 months of colorectal cancer diagnosis recruited through 12 Victorian hospitals in 2022-2025, with oversampling for younger adults. Participants’ general practitioner (GP) also completed a questionnaire. Comparisons by age used chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests.
Results: Of those invited, 241 (38%) patients (103 early-onset) and 101 (49%) GPs returned a questionnaire. Early-onset cases were more likely to be female (56% vs 40%, p=0.01) and have stage III or IV disease (48% vs 31%, p<0.0001).
Diagnostic routes differed (p<0.0001): early-onset cases were more likely to be diagnosed after symptom presentation to a doctor (80% vs 62% of older-onset cases) and less likely to be screen-detected (4% vs 24%). A similar proportion of both case groups attended an emergency department (overall 14%).
For symptomatic patients, intervals were longer for early-onset than older-onset adults: from first symptom to presentation, median 39 days (Interquartile range [IQR] 12–134) vs 14 days (IQR 0–70), p<0.006; presentation to referral, median 29 days (IQR 1–62) vs 15 days (IQR 9–33), p=0.04; and presentation to diagnosis, median 72 days (IQR 29–179 days) vs 54 days (IQR 12–126 days), p=0.06.
In all patients, intervals from referral to diagnosis (median 22 days) and diagnosis to treatment (median 24 days) were similar.
More early-onset cases reported that their cancer could have been diagnosed sooner (73% vs 60%).
Conclusions: People with early-onset colorectal cancer experience longer intervals pre-referral. Supporting faster symptom presentation and GP assessment could improve outcomes.