Aims: Pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancers are associated with a high burden of nutrition-impact symptoms, which contribute to adverse nutritional outcomes (1-3). However, their prevalence, severity and nutritional consequences remain poorly characterised (4). This review examined the prevalence and severity of nutrition-impact symptoms during and after standard treatment (surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy) for pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer and their associations with nutritional outcomes, to inform supportive care strategies and identify research priorities.
Methods: Four electronic databases were systematically searched for studies of adults with pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer receiving standard therapy that assessed nutrition-impact symptoms and nutritional outcomes at two or more timepoints using validated tools. Study quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. Results were synthesised narratively, and meta-analysis was performed where appropriate.
Results: Twelve studies (n = 744) were included, comprising 11 pancreatic and one mixed pancreatic/hepatobiliary study. The median study size was 49 participants (IQR 29–83.5; range 3–150). Most studies evaluated chemotherapy (n=9), and fewer evaluated surgery (n=4). Fatigue, pain, anorexia, diarrhoea and nausea were commonly reported. Most clinician-graded events were mild to moderate. Patient-reported outcomes indicated greater symptom burden. Meta-analysis showed that 47% of patients experienced clinician-graded fatigue during and immediately after treatment (95% CI 23-72%; I² = 92%; n = 235). A significant reduction in body weight from pre-treatment to three months was observed (mean difference -4.62 kg, 95% CI -6.93 to −2.30; I²=59%; n = 186). Across studies, nutrition-impact symptoms generally increased during systemic therapy and were consistently associated with adverse nutritional outcomes.
Conclusion: Nutrition-impact symptoms are common in pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer and are associated with adverse nutritional outcomes. These findings support routine integration of nutrition assessment and intervention throughout pancreatic and hepatobiliary cancer care and highlight the need for prospective longitudinal studies evaluating nutrition-impact symptom management strategies.